Electirc - Vehicles

A three wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels, either "human or people-powered vehicles" (HPV or PPV or velomobiles) or motorized vehicles in the form of a motorcycle, ATV or automobile. Other names for three-wheelers include Trikes, Tricars and Cyclecars. The term Tricycle is used somewhat interchangeably, but the term three-wheeler is more often applied to motor vehicles.Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner–constructed using a portion of a rear–engine, rear–drive Volkswagen "Beetle" in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include "All Terrain Vehicles" (ATV) that are specially constructed for off road use. Three-wheeled automobiles can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front, (for example: Morgan Motor Company) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (for example: Reliant).Three-wheeler cars, usually microcars, are often built for economy reasons, or as was the case in the UK, to take advantage of tax advantages, or as in the US to take advantage of the lower safety regulations, they are being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and often relaxed pollution reqirements, leading to higher efficiency, three-wheeled cars are usually very economical to run.Over the years, the world has been witnessing fantabulous development in the sector of automobile industry. With their advanced engineering techniques, the major auto giants like Mercedes, Ford Motors, General Motors, Audi, BMW, Hyundai, Mitsubishi etc have come up with some of the most sophisticated vehicles that a human mind could have hardly imagined just a few years ago. The global automobile manufacturers have found huge potential markets in a number of developing countries. It is not only the cars,consumer vehicles and two wheelers that are sold in these various countries in large numbers, but the three wheeler market is also quite big in these nations.You will get to see innumerable three wheelers running on the roads of various Southeast Asian countries like India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines, Nepal, and Bangladesh etc.There are a number of reasons that have resulted into the proliferation of the three wheelers in umpteen countries. Three wheelers are quite economical in terms of manufacturing and maintenance. They have also earned huge popularity due to their easy maneuvering capabilities through the narrow lanes that are prevalent in most of the developing countries.It is not that three wheelers are used only in the developing nations.

E

Toyato 2009 Model Cars

Electric Vehicle

Electric Bus

The battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. As with other electric vehicles, BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines for propulsion.

At 2008 fuel prices, battery powered buses are more economical than diesel or gasoline powered buses. The additional cost of the batteries is made up for by the low operating cost in the first half of the typical million to two million mile (three million kilometer) life of the bus.perates nine lectric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 1.9 million miles (3.1×106 km). They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Wrightbus has a new a hybrid-electric driveline for the StreetCar RTV which has been developed in conjunction with the ISE Corporation of California and incorporates Siemens ELFA traction components and a Cummins ISL engine. The chassis is built to Wright Group specifications by Swiss trolleybus specialists Carosserie Hess and is powered by Valence Technology lithium phosphate batteries .Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all electric version of the Blue-Bird TC2000. A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24 hour operation of the buses.

2009 Indica Pictures

Hyundai cars

Hyundai refers to a group of companies and related organizations founded by Chung Ju-yung in North Korea. The first Hyundai company was founded in 1947 as a construction company, and the Hyundai Group eventually became South Korea's largest conglomerate company .

The most well-known Hyundai organization is the Hyundai Motor Company, the world's 5th largest automaker selling mid-sized sedans, coupes, SUVs and large vans like the Sonata, Genesis, Genesis Coupe, Santa Fe, and the Grand Starex . Hyundai Heavy Industries is the world's largest shipbuilder, and Hynix is a top semiconductor producer. Other companies currently or formerly controlled by members of Chung's extended family may be loosely referred to as a part of the Hyundai chaebol.

Maruti Alto cars

Maruti Alto

Maruti Alto is one of the best selling car in India. It has included different new features in it like clear lens headlamps, sparkling tail lamps, dynamic front grill and bumper, stylish fabric, rotary control for AC etc. Other features that are really important for the comfort and safety of the passenger are electronic power steering, excellent services back up, convenient cup holders, high rigid monocoque frame made of high tensile steel, front and rear seat belts, booster assisted brakes etc. Its better mileage and low engine friction make this car most fuel efficient car in A2 segment .

It has three variants :

* Maruti Alto
* Maruti Alto Lx
* Maruti Alto Lxi

Auto

auto

Three Wheeler

A three wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels, either "human or people-powered vehicles" (HPV or PPV or velomobiles) or motorized vehicles in the form of a motorcycle, ATV or automobile. Other names for three-wheelers include Trikes, Tricars and Cyclecars. The term Tricycle is used somewhat interchangeably, but the term three-wheeler is more often applied to motor vehicles.Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner–constructed using a portion of a rear–engine, rear–drive Volkswagen "Beetle" in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include "All Terrain Vehicles" (ATV) that are specially constructed for off road use. Three-wheeled automobiles can have either one wheel at the back and two at the front, (for example: Morgan Motor Company) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (for example: Reliant).Three-wheeler cars, usually microcars, are often built for economy reasons, or as was the case in the UK, to take advantage of tax advantages, or as in the US to take advantage of the lower safety regulations, they are being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and often relaxed pollution reqirements, leading to higher efficiency, three-wheeled cars are usually very economical to run.Over the years, the world has been witnessing fantabulous development in the sector of automobile industry. With their advanced engineering techniques, the major auto giants like Mercedes, Ford Motors, General Motors, Audi, BMW, Hyundai, Mitsubishi etc have come up with some of the most sophisticated vehicles that a human mind could have hardly imagined just a few years ago. The global automobile manufacturers have found huge potential markets in a number of developing countries. It is not only the cars,consumer vehicles and two wheelers that are sold in these various countries in large numbers, but the three wheeler market is also quite big in these nations.You will get to see innumerable three wheelers running on the roads of various Southeast Asian countries like India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines, Nepal, and Bangladesh etc.There are a number of reasons that have resulted into the proliferation of the three wheelers in umpteen countries. Three wheelers are quite economical in terms of manufacturing and maintenance. They have also earned huge popularity due to their easy maneuvering capabilities through the narrow lanes that are prevalent in most of the developing countries.It is not that three wheelers are used only in the developing nations.

Bus

A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. A bus can generally seat a maximum of anywhere from 8 to 250 passengers. Buses are the most widely used form of public transportation, although they are also used in tourism and as private transport.

The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses. A more luxurious version of the bus is the coach. Buses are usually powered by a diesel engine, although early buses were horse drawn and there were experiments with steam propulsion. Trolleybuses use power drawn from overhead power lines. In common with the car industry bus manufacturing is increasingly a globalised activity, with the same design of bus appearing on roads around the world.
Single deckers Bus

The most common design of bus is a rigid single-decker bus with two axles, or if needed, a second rear axle. The midibus is a lighter and smaller purpose built development of the single deck bus, which emerged in the 1990s. The minibus, originally developed from van conversions, fulfills the lowest capacity needs of buses. Minibuses today are both still derived from vans, or built specifically as minibuses.

Double deckers Bus

Where more capacity is needed, a double-decker bus or articulated bus may be used, the prevalence of which varies from country to country. A double-decker is a rigid vehicle with an extra upper deck, the two conjoined for access by a staircase usually in modern vehicles a spiral staircase near the front, but often at the rear on older vehicles, which may have an open platform. Larger double deckers might have both front and rear staircases.

Vehicle Maintanence

General Maintenance
Under this category we provide some simple guidelines to ensure that your vehicle doesn't have any problems on an everyday basis.
Engine Oil : To prevent engine corrosion, it is very important that the engine maintains the amount of oil it is supposed to receive. Negligence in this aspect will lead to a deteriorating engine performance, resulting in less mileage.
Lights : It is important for the lights to be properly focused, for your own and for the oncoming vehicle's safety. Travel on low beam so that it does not hinder your view.
Tyre Pressure : The required amount of air pressure needs to be strictly maintained if your car is to get the right mileage and pick-up.
Water: If your engine uses water for cooling, take care to ensure that it is regularly changed. Water can also be used for cleaning the windshield.

Some other tips
Get your vehicle serviced only at authorized service stations
Always use genuine spare parts.
Give your vehicle anti-rust coating before the monsoons.
Check the engine oil level once every two weeks. Also check the levels of coolant and water in the radiator and battery.
Drive at a moderate speed of 45-55 km/h to maximize fuel efficiency
Avoid accelerating and braking abruptly.
Shut up the engine whenever you expect to wait.
Avoid riding on the clutch pedal, and release the clutch pedal fully while driving.
Use air-conditioning only when necessary.
Maintain proper air pressure in your tire to improve mileage.
Preventive Maintenance
Today's automobiles can accumulate a lot of mileage with very little evidence of wear and tear, making it easy for vehicle owners to avoid looking under the hood while their vehicle is running well. But preventive maintenance can be a valuable investment, increasing fuel efficiency and saving the expense of emergency repair service and the inconvenience of a breakdown. Preventive maintenance is all about; looking, checking, and replacing automotive components before they fail.
Read through the tips to help you to know your car better.
Airfilter : Check it every month. Replace it when it becomes dirty or as part of a tune -up. It is easy to reach, right under the big metal 'lid', in a carbureted engine; or in a rectangular box at the forward end of the air in a duct hose assembly.
Battery Extreme caution should be taken while handling a battery since it can produce explosive gases. Always wear protective glasses and gloves.
Belts: Inspect belts and hoses smoothly. Replace glazed, worn or frayed belts. Replace bulging, rotten or brittle hoses and tighten clamps. If a hose looks bad, or feels too soft or too hard, it should be replaced.
Brake Fluid: Check the brake fluid monthly. First wipe dirt from the brake master cylinder reservoir lid. Pry off the retainer clip and remove the lid or unscrew the plastic lid, depending on which type your vehicle has. If you need fluid, add the improved type and check for possible leaks throughout the system. Do not overfill.
Engine Oil : Check the oil after every fill up. Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean. Insert it fully and remove it again. If it is low, add oil. To maintain peak performance, the oil should be changed every 3,000 miles or 3 months, whichever comes first. Replace the oil filter with every oil change.
Exhaust : Look underneath for loose or broken exhaust clamps and supports. Check for holes in muffler or pipes. Replace the rusted or damaged parts. Have the emission checked at once per year for compliance with local laws.
Shock Absorbers : Look for signs of oil seepage on shock absorbers, test shock action by bouncing the car up and down. The car should stop bouncing when you step back. Worn or leaking shocks should be replaced. Always replace shock absorbers in pairs.
Tires: Keep tires inflated to recommended pressure. Check for cuts, bulges and excessive tread wear. Uneven wear indicates tires are misaligned or out of balance.
Transmission Fluid: Check transmission fluid monthly with engine warm and running, and the parking brake on. Shift to drive, then to park. Remove dipstick, wipe dry, insert it and remove it again. Add the approved type fluid, if needed. Never overfill.
Washer Fluid : Keep the windshield washer fluid reservoir full. Use some of it to clean off the wiper blades.
Wiper Blades : Inspect the windscreen wiper blades whenever you clean your windshield. Do not wait until the rubber is worn or brittle to replace them. They should be replaced at least once per year, and more often if smearing occurs.

In this section of Surfindia you will find some very useful tips of auto maintenance (car maintenance) that would keep your vehilce fine tuned. Before moving ahead first let us understand the meaning of auto essentials.Auto essentials are the services and inspections performed regularly at appointed times to the vehicle to keep it running efficiently and safely.

The following types of regular vehicle maintenance
1. Air Filters
2. Wiper Blades
3. Oil, Lube & Filter
4. Belts Hoses
Air Filters :
The air filter in the vehicle cleans the air brought in by the intake system. It helps in removing dirt, dust and other contaminants before it mixes with the gasoline. The engine of a vehicle uses approximately 10 litres of air for every litre of gasoline, hence air filters play an important role in maintaining the vehicle's performance and fuel efficiency.Dirty filter results in reduced airflow, which again results in the follwing:
increased wear on your intake system
increased fuel consumption
reduced engine power
For the above reasons, air filter should be inspected regularly with oil change and replaced when damaged or visibly dirty.
Oil, Lube & Filter

The engine of vehicles require uncontaminated oil to protect against the high temperatures and friction created by driving. Well lubricated engine will give the following benefits:
reduce engine emissions
prolong the life of engine components
decrease the possibility of breakdowns
minimize expensive repairs
promote smooth engine performance
Changing of oil every 5,000 km or according to the manufacturer's recommendation is the simplest and most important pieces of vehicle maintenance you can perform.Wiper BladesDriving decisions are made on what the driver can see. This means a clean, unobstructed view through the windshield is a must for safety.For optimal removal of moisture, dirt and other obstructions the wiper blades need to fit tightly against the windshield. This is achieved through the design and material of the blades and by the spring tension in the wiper arm.The wiper blades need to be checked every six months and replaced regularly because:
abrasives such as dust and dirt wear away the cutting edge
corrosion weakens the wiper arm
hot temperatures warp the rubber
cold temperatures make the rubber brittle and susceptible to cracks and tears
sunlight and ozone age the rubber, making it less flexible
Belts & HosesEngine always builds up a lot of heat during its working condition. This deteriorates the rubber of the vehicle's belts and hoses and as a result causes them to become brittle and prone to cracks and tears. Leaking hoses and broken engine belts may result in a sudden vehicle breakdown.A visual inspection is sometimes enough to detect problems before they get out of hand.
Safety Inspections
The general safety inspections evaluate the following areas of the vehicle:
Lights : All required lights must be operational. Headlights must be aimed correctly.
Horn: It must work properly and be heard at a distance of 60 metres.
Windshield Wipers: The blades, arms, and windshield washer must effectively clean the windshield.
Rearview Mirrors:

The mirrors must be free of cracks, pits or discolouration. They must be adjustable to give the driver an unobstructed view at least 60 metres to the rear of the vehicle.
Exhaust System:

It must be structurally sound and allow proper venting of exhaust gases.
Glass:

The critical vision area must be free of obstructions and discolouration.
Brakes:

All components including hydraulic lines, discs and drums, pedal, power booster and parking brake must be structurally sound and in good working order. Fluid levels must be within the manufacturer's recommendations.
Steering:

The steering wheel, shocks, struts, steering linkage, ball joints, drive train and wheel bearings must be structurally sound and in good working order.
Wheels and Tires:

They must have sufficient tread depth. Wheels should be structurally sound and all rims and nuts present and undamaged.
Coupling Systems:

If applicable, all hitch or towing attachments must be structurally sound, with no missing or excessively worn components.

Other:

Body, fuel tanks and lines, sun visors, seat belts, bumpers, hood latch, floor pan and inner panels must be in good working order and/or structurally sound

TVS

Hero Honda still emerges as the market leader for 2008-09 while the gap between TVS Motor Co and Bajaj Auto has come down to just 2%

Hero Honda is still the Indian motorcycle market leader with a 49% market share. Bajaj Auto and TVS Motor Co have achieved 17% and 15% market share respectively in 2008-09. The interesting fact is that the gap between the No.2 motorcycle manufacturer Bajaj Auto

Yamaha Motor India can also be held responsible for Bajaj's market share slide. Yamaha's street-fighter FZ16, continues to register strong sales since it's launch. The Yamaha FZ16 is a direct competitor to the Bajaj Pulsar 150 but retails for around 15 grands more! According to Sanjay Tripathi, Product planning and Strategy Head, Yamaha, the company will continue to dominate the 150cc segment.Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India is also fast emerging as a strong market player. The Japanese motorcycle maker has registered a growth of 16% compared to the last year. It has also revealed its plans of revamping its product portfolio with a new 100cc performance oriented commuter.The battle for market share is likely to heat up with new launches from the Pune and Chennai based motorcycle manufacturers. Bajaj Auto will be the upgraded versions of its entire Pulsar range of bikes. While TVS Motors is working on the launch of three new products, two motorcycles and one scooter before the year end.

HERO HONDA

Hero Honda is currently the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer thanks to its fuel efficient, high quality products made in collaboration with Honda motorcycles, Japan.

Hero Honda has a wide variety of models ranging from the CD Deluxe in the value for money market to the recently upgraded Karizma R which has set the new norm in the performance segment.

Old favourites like the Splendor + and Passion + have been upgraded and joined by variants such as the Splendor NXG.

In the growing 125cc segment the Super Splendor and Glamour sport the new 125cc Quantum Core engine and are gaining popularity.

The Hero Honda CBZ Xtreme and its sibling the Hunk compete with each other in the performance segment.

Two Wheelers

Every possession is a statement. So are the two wheelers. In fact, two wheelers are more than that. A good-looking two-wheeler or motorbike not only impress others, but can go a long way in making your life convenient. Two wheelers like bikes and scooters are the symbol of mass transporters. Motorized two wheelers make life a hassle free journey.

Once you possess a two-wheeler, unknowingly, it would become a part of your life. From helping you to reach the market or the work place to making a sojourn at weekends to a neighboring place with like-minded friends, your two-wheeler is always multi tasking for you.

Vehicles

This article is about the means of transport. For other uses, see Vehicle (disambiguation).
Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine-powered vehicles

Vehicles, derived from the Latin word, vehiculum, are non-living means of transport. Most often they are manufactured (e.g. bicycles, cars, motorcycles, trains, ships, boats, and aircraft), although some other means of transport which are not made by humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by animals, for instance, a chariot, a stagecoach, a mule-drawn barge, or an ox-cart. However, animals on their own, though used as a means of transport, are not called vehicles, but rather beasts of burden or draft animals. This distinction includes humans carrying another human, for example a child or a disabled person.

A rickshaw is a vehicle that may carry a human and be powered by a human, but it is the mechanical form or cart that is powered by the human that is labeled as the vehicle. For some human-powered vehicles the human providing the power is labeled as a driver.

Vehicles that do not travel on land often are called craft, such as watercraft, sailcraft, aircraft, hovercraft, and spacecraft

Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or skied.